- The weekend went fine with household works (cleaning and washing)
- as the standard chartered marathon coming up, I wanted to get fit myself to run for 21 km, I thought of going for jogging, but changed the mind to go for cycling
- Cycled for about 2 hours from Bedok to Little India via TianSeng MRT station to Upp. Serangoon road, and travlled via the North East Line(all through the following MRT's Serangoon, Potong Pasir, Boon Keng, Farrer park)
- Atlast went to Mohans house when it started raining
- Before leaving got the call from HC Daiva to watch the movie Madagascar Escape 2 Africa
- It was a nice movie watched with CJ, Xiaming, Laura, Desi and Becky
- The movie was so nice I enjoyed it very much (Zuba, alekei, makoomba plus all other characters)
- It specially depicted a normal Indian family sentimental movie
- Its something like where a family loses the son when he is quite young and he comes back after hes grown up and there comes a villain to hold the post of his father in the village
- There is a seperate comedy track like the one we have here in our Indian Movies
- Its quite nice and very much enjoyable
- came back home after that and met Chithirais mom
- Next day was monday wokeup late and decided to go for taking back the bike
- Cycled again all the way back for 1 hr and 30 minutes this time
- Cycled in a different way this time, but roamed Kaki Bukit Industrial and came back to square one :(
- After that followed the bus no 65 to get back home :) It was fun riding all the way back
- Watched two movies after that and still awake thinking of getting back to work tomorrow :)

- Today one of my brother was asking about the LIC Policies.
- The following things came to my mind as the Points to note here are

1. Policy is suitable for Investment, Life and Medicals
2. Suitable to take a loan after a certain term
3. Also Even after the policy period, you are under cover
4. Dont go for huge sums, be reasonable

Fourth Point is in case of emergencies, we will not be able to withdraw the money via this.

- Life is full of how you are going to take and think about.

1. IP Addressing

At this point you should know that IP, the Internet Protocol, is a network layer (OSI layer 3) protocol, used to route packets between hosts on different networks. To suit this purpose, IP must define an addressing scheme, so that a packet's intended destination can be indicated.

An IP address is composed of 32 bits. These 32 bits are divided into 4 octets of 8 bits each. You may have seen an IP address represented like this: 172.68.15.24. We must remember, however, that the computer understands this number only in binary, so we must often deal with them in binary. Many people are intimidated by this initially, but soon find that it is not difficult. If you do not allow yourself to be flustered, you can master this topic.

IP addresses are assigned to organizations in blocks. Each block belongs to one of three classes: class A, class B, or class C. You can tell what class an IP address is by the value in its first octet.

Class A	1-126
Class B	128-191
Class C	192 -->

An IP address consists of two fields. The first field identifies the network, and the second field identifies the node on the network. Which bits of the address are in the network field and which bits are in the host field is determined by the subnet mask.

When a class A IP license is granted, you are assigned something like this: 99.0.0.0. Only the value of the bits in the first octet is assigned. This means you are free to assign any values you wish in the second, third and fourth octets.

The default subnet mask for a class A network is 255.0.0.0. High bits, ones, indicate the bits that are part of the network field of the IP address. The default subnet mask does not create subnets. Therefore, a class A network with the default subnet mask is one network. The three octets that are unassigned and unmasked are part of the host field of the address. There is a total of 24 bits in those three octets. Each bit can be in one of two states. Therefore, 2^24 is the number of host addresses that can be assigned on that network, almost. Two addresses are reserved on every network, x.x.x.0 and x.x.x.255. So the total number of hosts possible on this network is 2^24. 2^24-2=16,777,214 hosts for a class A IP network.

When a class B license is granted, the first two octets are assigned. For example, 172.198.x.x. The default subnet mask for a class B is 255.255.0.0. One network, two octets free, 16 bits for the host address field. 2^16-2=65,534 possible host addresses on a class B IP network.

When a class C license is granted, the first three octets are assigned, for example: 193.52.16.0. The default subnet mask for a class C is 255.255.255.0. Once octet makes up the host address field. 2^8-2=254 host addresses possible on a class C network.

2. Reason for Subnetting

We said that the default subnet mask for a class A IP network is 255.0.0.0. Once octet only of a class A network address identifies the network, with this subnet mask. This leaves three octets of 8 bits each, or 24 bits, to identify the host on that one network. 2^24=16,777,216 addresses. Two addresses are reserved, x.x.x.0 and x.x.x.255. 16,777,214 nodes can be assigned an IP address on this network.

It is highly unlikely that any organization would want one network of 16,777,214 nodes. They might want that many devices connected in a wide area network (WAN), thus capable of communicating when necessary, but they will want to subdivide this huge network into mostly self-contained subnetworks of nodes that communicate with each other often. This is called subnetting.

To understand why, consider what would happen in either a broadcast or a token passing network that consisted of over 16,000,000 nodes. Nothing would happen. It simply would not work. Though the problem is not as drastic, class B and class C IP networks are often subnetted, also.

The subnet mask is used to subdivide an IP network into subnets. This is a division that takes place in OSI layer 3, so it is a logical division that is created by the addressing scheme. This logical division is usually combined with a physical division. Many subnets are physically isolated from the rest of the network by a device such as a router or a switch. This aspect of subnetting is discussed in Unit 3--Data Link Layer.

3. How Subnetting Works

The bits of an address that are masked by the subnet mask are the bits that make up the network field of the address. To subnet, the default subnet mask for a network is extended to cover bits of the address that would otherwise be part of the host field. Once these bits are masked, they become part of the network field, and are used to identify subnets of the larger network.

Here is where we begin dealing with both addresses and subnet masks in binary. Get yourself a cold beverage, stretch, take a deep breath and don't worry. Once you get your brain around the concepts, it is not difficult. You just have to keep trying until the light goes on.

3.1 Translating Binary to Decimal

Both IP addresses and subnet masks are composed of 32 bits divided into 4 octets of 8 bits each. Here is how a single octet translates from binary to decimal. Consider an octet of all ones: 11111111. 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 --- -- -- -- - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 128 + 64 + 32 + 16 + 8 + 4 + 2 + 1 = 255

Here's another: 10111001 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 --- -- -- -- - - - - 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 128 + 0 + 32 +16 + 8 + 0 + 0 + 1 = 185

and 00000000 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 --- -- -- -- - - - - 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 = 0

3.2 Converting Decimal to Binary

Converting decimal to binary is similar. Consider 175: 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 --- -- -- -- - - - - 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 128 + 0 + 32 + 0 + 8 + 4 + 2 + 1 = 175

175=10101111

3.3 Simple Subnetting

The simplest way to subnet is to take the octet in the subnet mask that covers the first unassigned octet in the IP address block, and make all its bits high. Remember, a high bit, a 1, in the subnet mask indicates that that corresponding bit in the IP address is part of the network field. So, if you have a class B network 172.160.0.0, with the subnet mask 255.255.0.0, you have one network with 65, 534 possible addresses. If you take that subnet mask and make all the bits in the third octet high 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 --- -- -- -- - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 128 + 64 + 32 + 16 + 8 + 4 + 2 + 1 = 255

you get the subnet mask 255.255.255.0. 172.60. 0. 0 255.255.255.0

Now the third octet of all the addresses on this network is part of the network field instead of the host field. That is one octet, or eight bits, that can be manipulated to create subnets. 2^8-2=254 possible subnets now on this class B network.

One octet is left for the host field. 2^8-2=254 possible host addressed on each subnet.

3.4 Advanced Subnetting

That is the simplest way to subnet, but it may not be the most desirable. You might not want 254 subnets on your class B network. Instead, you might use a subnet mask like 255.255.224.0. How many subnets would this give you? The first step is to see how many bits are allocated to the network by this mask. 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 --- -- -- -- - - - - 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 128 + 64 + 32 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 = 224

3 bits are allocated. 2^3-2=6 subnets.

How many hosts on each subnet? Well, 5 bits from this octet are left for the host field, and 8 bits in the fourth octet, for a total of 13 bits in the host field. 2^13-2=8190 possible hosts on each subnet.

The subnet mask is always extended by masking off the next bit in the address, from left to right. Thus, the last octet in the subnet mask will always be one of these: 128, 192, 224, 240, 248, 252, 254 or 255.

Given the IP address of a host and the subnet address for the network, you need to be able to calculate which subnet that host is on. To do this we compare the binary representation of the pertinent octet of the subnet mask with the binary representation of the corresponding octet in the IP address. Example: IP address=172.60.50.2 subnet mask=255.255.224.0   50= 00110010 224=11100000

We perform a logical on these two numbers. We will be left with only the bits where there is a one in both octets. 00110010 11100000 -------- 00100000=32

This host is on subnet 172.60.32.0.

We also need to be able to find the range of assignable IP addresses on this subnet. To do this, we take the binary that tells us the subnet address, in this case 00100000, and compare it with the subnet mask. 00100000 11100000

The bits converted by the mask we will leave as they are. The rest of the bits we make high. So 00100000 11100000 -------- 0011111=63

The range of assignable IP addresses on the subnet 172.60.32.0 is 172.60.32.1-172.60.63.254.

On every network and subnet, two addresses are reserved. At the low end of the range of addresses for the network or subnet, in this case 172.60.64.0, is the address for the network or subnet itself. The address at the high end of the range of addresses, in this case 172.60.95.255, is the broadcast address. Any message sent to the broadcast address will be received by every host on the network.

Wait for some time to add the experience in Bintan.... :D

 

Photos in Bintan....

Me and Ganesh decided to celebrate the new year in Malaysia. We have not booked any tour program, so we started our own. Malaysian Visa costed around 38 $

for one year multiple entry. Its something that is related with the EP or the work permit that you have in Singapore.

The journey started to Johor from Woodlands immigration check point. People are really rushing to celebrate their new year, the weekend, the holiay in

Malaysia. Its cheaper to be there when compared to singapore.

We reached johor at around 3 PM and we started to KL through a bus which costed us 60 ringets around 22 sing dollars. The journey was quite a blissful one.

People are driving in the Expressway at around 120 -140 KM and our driver is like a snail when compared to others... :(  We reached at around 11 PM in the

night after 7 hours of travel which will normally take 4-5 hours our bad...

Instead of looking for a hotel we started roaming the city... we went to Times square in KL and saw Twin Towers from far and had a coffee at Coffee club and

the night was moving slowly... at around 2 AM, we decided to take a room as we were too tired and wanted a bad rest...

So we took a room with two bed for about 50 $ a day... Later in the morning we started out journey to Genting High lands... On the way we saw the Lord Muruga

in Batuu caves... Its a nice place the high lands, it remainded OOTY in India, But this place is purely for entertainment and not a residential area, there

were a lot of Dry rides and the World First Class hotel accomodating people... There was a casino out there... Check my Genting photos for a picture, which

after taking, I got a warning from one of the security guard. :)

We went to Genting thru a taxi, so we are unable to check the cable car while going up, so we took the cable car while coming down, it was a real wonderful

experience all the 3.4 Km above the forest in the cable car in the evening... We started in the day light and we ended up with the night shadows... Ganesh's

first experience in cable car and he was in fear at the start and came to normal in the mid way... :)

We came to our hotel and started preparing for the new year celebrations. It was quite nice there near the Twin tower and in the Jalan road where the new year count and the celebrations are at the peak. The mono rail and the cycling party was really good over there... We did some shopping and was enjoying the count down in a grand manner... One thing to be noted was the crackers... they started them and ended up after thirty minutes... Continous cracking was there all over the time... it was nice...

The trips agenda celebrating the new year there was really ended up fine... We took rest back in the hotel and planned for the next day to start the new year with a holy spirit... yeah we went to Battu caves on Jan 1st 2007...

Wherever there is a peak there will be lord muruga... Here also its not an exception. Its a 292 step high cave temple, where lord muruga had his seat... The place was really nice to see and climb and the Tallest Murugan ( I had seen was there.. nice beatiful and handsome... ) I liked that place very much.. We saw some monkeys over the cave and a lot of people too...

This trip was also very nice and I enjoyed it most and it ended up well...

Malaysia mostly resembles India... There are quite a lumpsome amount of Indians out there too... Both Singapore and Malaysia will definetly give you the feeling that you are always at home....